539 lines
20 KiB
Python
539 lines
20 KiB
Python
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import pandas as pd
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import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
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import numpy as np
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import base64, os
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from typing import List, Optional, Tuple, Dict, Union
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from io import BytesIO
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def visualize_data(
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df: pd.DataFrame,
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x_column: str,
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y_columns: List[str],
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**kwargs
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) -> Tuple[str, Optional[str]]:
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"""
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将DataFrame数据可视化并返回base64编码的图像及可选的PNG文件路径
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参数:
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df: 输入DataFrame
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x_column: 横坐标对应的字段名
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y_columns: 纵坐标字段列表(将显示在独立的Y轴上)
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**kwargs: 绘图配置参数，支持以下选项:
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- title: str = '多Y轴数据可视化' (图表标题)
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- title_fontsize: int = 12 (标题字体大小)
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- figsize: Tuple[float, float] = (10, 5) (图表尺寸)
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- dpi: int = 100 (图像分辨率)
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- colors: List[str] (各系列颜色，默认10种颜色)
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- markers: List[str] (各系列marker类型，默认10种marker)
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- y_labels: List[str] (各Y轴标签)
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- grid: bool = True (是否显示网格)
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- x_scale: str = 'linear' ('linear'或'log', X轴刻度类型)
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- y_scale: Union[str, List[str]] = 'linear' ('linear'或'log', Y轴刻度类型)
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- font_family: str = 'Microsoft YaHei' (中文字体名称)
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- marker_size: int = 6 (marker点大小)
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- legend_position: Literal['top', 'bottom', 'left', 'right'] = 'top' (图例位置)
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- legend_ncol: int = 3 (图例列数)
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- legend_fontsize: int = 10 (图例字体大小)
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- legend_offset: float = 0.05 (图例偏移量)
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- tight_layout_pad: float = 1.5 (紧凑布局的padding值)
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- save_path: Optional[str] = None (PNG文件保存路径)
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- plot_style: Union[str, List[str]] = 'line' (绘图类型: 'line', 'scatter', 'scatter_fit')
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- fit_degree: int = 1 (拟合曲线多项式阶数)
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- scatter_alpha: float = 0.7 (散点透明度)
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- line_style: str = '-' (线型)
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- title_pad: float = 1.0 (标题与图表顶部的间距)
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- group_by_units: bool = False (是否按单位分组到同一Y轴)
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- unit_mapping: Dict[str, str] = None (字段到单位的映射字典)
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返回:
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Tuple[base64编码字符串, PNG文件路径或None]
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"""
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# 默认画图配置
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config = {
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'title': '多Y轴数据可视化',
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'title_fontsize': 14,
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'figsize': (7.56, 4.54),
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'dpi': 300,
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'colors': [
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'#1f77b4', '#ff7f0e', '#2ca02c', '#d62728', '#9467bd',
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'#8c564b', '#e377c2', '#7f7f7f', '#bcbd22', '#17becf',
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'#aec7e8', '#ffbb78', '#98df8a', '#ff9896', '#c5b0d5',
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'#c49c94', '#f7b6d2', '#dbdb8d', '#9edae5', '#393b79'
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], # 扩展为20种颜色
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'markers': [
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'o', 's', '^', 'D', 'v', 'p', '*', 'h', 'X', 'd',
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'P', '>', '<', '1', '2', '3', '4', '+', 'x', '|'
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], # 扩展为20种marker
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'y_labels': None,
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'grid': True,
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'x_scale': 'linear',
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'y_scale': 'linear',
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'font_family': 'Microsoft YaHei',
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'marker_size': 3,
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'legend_position': 'right',
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'legend_ncol': 1,
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'legend_fontsize': 10,
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'legend_offset': 0.05,
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'tight_layout_pad': 1.5,
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'save_path': None,
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'plot_style': 'line',
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'fit_degree': 2,
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'scatter_alpha': 0.7,
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'line_style': '-',
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'title_pad': 1.0,
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'group_by_units': False,
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'unit_mapping': None
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}
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# 更新用户提供的配置
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config.update(kwargs)
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# 处理plot_style参数
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if isinstance(config['plot_style'], str):
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plot_styles = [config['plot_style']] * len(y_columns)
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else:
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plot_styles = config['plot_style']
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# 设置中文字体
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try:
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plt.rcParams['font.family'] = config['font_family']
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plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False
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except:
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print(f"警告: 字体 '{config['font_family']}' 不可用，使用默认字体")
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# 1. 创建共享X轴，多Y轴的图表
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fig, ax1 = plt.subplots(figsize=config['figsize'], dpi=config['dpi'])
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# 设置颜色和marker
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colors = config['colors'][:len(y_columns)]
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markers = config['markers'][:len(y_columns)]
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# 处理y_scale参数
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if isinstance(config['y_scale'], str):
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y_scales = [config['y_scale']] * len(y_columns)
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else:
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y_scales = config['y_scale']
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# 处理时间类型数据
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x_values = df[x_column]
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if pd.api.types.is_datetime64_any_dtype(x_values):
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x_numeric = (x_values - x_values.min()).dt.total_seconds()
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x_min = x_values.min()
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else:
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x_numeric = x_values
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x_min = None
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# 生成拟合曲线的x值范围（用于所有系列）
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x_fit = np.linspace(min(x_numeric), max(x_numeric), 100)
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# 如果启用按单位分组，则重新组织数据
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if config['group_by_units']:
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if config['unit_mapping'] is None:
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# 如果没有提供单位映射，则每个Y列使用自己的单位
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unit_mapping = {col: f"Unit_{i}" for i, col in enumerate(y_columns)}
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else:
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unit_mapping = config['unit_mapping']
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# 按单位分组
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unit_groups = {}
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for col in y_columns:
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unit = unit_mapping.get(col, col)
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if unit not in unit_groups:
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unit_groups[unit] = []
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unit_groups[unit].append(col)
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# 重新组织y_columns、plot_styles、y_scales等参数
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grouped_y_columns = []
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grouped_plot_styles = []
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grouped_y_scales = []
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grouped_colors = []
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grouped_markers = []
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for unit, cols in unit_groups.items():
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grouped_y_columns.extend(cols)
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for i, col in enumerate(cols):
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idx = y_columns.index(col)
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grouped_plot_styles.append(plot_styles[idx])
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grouped_y_scales.append(y_scales[idx])
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grouped_colors.append(colors[idx])
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grouped_markers.append(markers[idx])
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y_columns = grouped_y_columns
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plot_styles = grouped_plot_styles
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y_scales = grouped_y_scales
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colors = grouped_colors
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markers = grouped_markers
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# 第一个Y轴
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y_values = df[y_columns[0]]
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# 根据plot_style绘制图形
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if plot_styles[0] == 'scatter':
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ax1.scatter(x_values, y_values,
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color=colors[0],
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marker=markers[0],
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s=config['marker_size']**2,
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alpha=config['scatter_alpha'],
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label=y_columns[0])
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elif plot_styles[0] == 'scatter_fit':
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# 绘制散点
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ax1.scatter(x_values, y_values,
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color=colors[0],
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marker=markers[0],
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s=config['marker_size']**2,
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alpha=config['scatter_alpha'],
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label=y_columns[0])
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# 计算拟合曲线
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coeffs = np.polyfit(x_numeric, y_values, config['fit_degree'])
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poly = np.poly1d(coeffs)
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# 绘制拟合曲线
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if pd.api.types.is_datetime64_any_dtype(x_values):
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x_fit_dates = x_min + pd.to_timedelta(x_fit, unit='s')
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ax1.plot(x_fit_dates, poly(x_fit),
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color=colors[0],
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linestyle=config['line_style'],
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linewidth=1.5,
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label=f'{y_columns[0]} (拟合)')
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else:
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ax1.plot(x_fit, poly(x_fit),
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color=colors[0],
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linestyle=config['line_style'],
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linewidth=1.5,
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label=f'{y_columns[0]} (拟合)')
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else: # 默认线图
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ax1.plot(x_values, y_values,
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color=colors[0],
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marker=markers[0],
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markersize=config['marker_size'],
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linestyle=config['line_style'],
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linewidth=1.5,
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label=y_columns[0])
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ax1.set_xlabel(x_column)
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ax1.set_ylabel(y_columns[0] if config['y_labels'] is None else config['y_labels'][0],
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color=colors[0])
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ax1.tick_params(axis='y', labelcolor=colors[0])
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ax1.set_xscale(config['x_scale'])
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ax1.set_yscale(y_scales[0])
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# 显示网格
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if config['grid']:
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ax1.grid(True, linestyle=':', alpha=0.5)
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# 创建额外的Y轴
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axes = [ax1]
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axis_units = {y_columns[0]: ax1} # 记录每个Y列对应的轴
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# 智能计算Y轴间距
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base_spacing = 0.1 # 基础间距
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spacing_increment = 0.00 # 每个新增Y轴的间距增量
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current_position = 0.9 # 起始位置
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for i, (y_col, y_scale, plot_style) in enumerate(zip(y_columns[1:], y_scales[1:], plot_styles[1:]), start=1):
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# 检查是否应该使用现有轴
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reuse_axis = False
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if config['group_by_units']:
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current_unit = config['unit_mapping'].get(y_col, y_col)
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for col, ax in axis_units.items():
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if config['unit_mapping'].get(col, col) == current_unit:
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reuse_axis = True
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current_ax = ax
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break
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if reuse_axis:
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# 使用现有轴
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ax = current_ax
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else:
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# 创建新轴
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ax = ax1.twinx()
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# 计算新Y轴的位置
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current_position += base_spacing + (i-1)*spacing_increment
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ax.spines['right'].set_position(('axes', current_position))
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# 记录新轴
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axis_units[y_col] = ax
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y_values = df[y_col]
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# 根据plot_style绘制图形
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if plot_style == 'scatter':
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ax.scatter(x_values, y_values,
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color=colors[i % len(colors)],
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marker=markers[i % len(markers)],
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s=config['marker_size']**2,
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alpha=config['scatter_alpha'],
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label=y_col)
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elif plot_style == 'scatter_fit':
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# 绘制散点
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ax.scatter(x_values, y_values,
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color=colors[i % len(colors)],
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marker=markers[i % len(markers)],
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s=config['marker_size']**2,
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alpha=config['scatter_alpha'],
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label=y_col)
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# 计算拟合曲线
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coeffs = np.polyfit(x_numeric, y_values, config['fit_degree'])
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poly = np.poly1d(coeffs)
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# 绘制拟合曲线
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if pd.api.types.is_datetime64_any_dtype(x_values):
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x_fit_dates = x_min + pd.to_timedelta(x_fit, unit='s')
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ax.plot(x_fit_dates, poly(x_fit),
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color=colors[i % len(colors)],
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linestyle=config['line_style'],
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linewidth=1.5,
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label=f'{y_col} (拟合)')
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else:
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ax.plot(x_fit, poly(x_fit),
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color=colors[i % len(colors)],
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linestyle=config['line_style'],
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linewidth=1.5,
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label=f'{y_col} (拟合)')
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else: # 默认线图
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ax.plot(x_values, y_values,
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color=colors[i % len(colors)],
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marker=markers[i % len(markers)],
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markersize=config['marker_size'],
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linestyle=config['line_style'],
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linewidth=1.5,
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label=y_col)
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ax.set_xlabel(x_column if config['x_label'] is None else config['x_label'])
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if not reuse_axis:
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# 设置Y轴标签位置
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ax.set_ylabel(y_col if config['y_labels'] is None else config['y_labels'][i],
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color=colors[i % len(colors)])
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ax.yaxis.set_label_position('right')
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ax.yaxis.set_ticks_position('right')
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# 智能调整标签位置
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label_offset = 0.07 # 动态偏移量
|
|||
|
|
ax.yaxis.set_label_coords(current_position + label_offset, 0.5)
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
ax.tick_params(axis='y', labelcolor=colors[i % len(colors)])
|
|||
|
|
ax.set_yscale(y_scale)
|
|||
|
|
axes.append(ax)
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
# 设置标题（放在最上方）
|
|||
|
|
plt.title(config['title'], fontsize=config['title_fontsize'], pad=config['title_pad'], y=1.05)
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
# 合并图例
|
|||
|
|
lines = []
|
|||
|
|
labels = []
|
|||
|
|
for ax in axes:
|
|||
|
|
line, label = ax.get_legend_handles_labels()
|
|||
|
|
lines.extend(line)
|
|||
|
|
labels.extend(label)
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
# 根据图例位置设置不同的布局参数
|
|||
|
|
legend_params = {
|
|||
|
|
'top': {
|
|||
|
|
'loc': 'lower center',
|
|||
|
|
'bbox_to_anchor': (0.5+config['legend_offset'], 1.0),
|
|||
|
|
'borderaxespad': 0.1,
|
|||
|
|
'ncol': 4,
|
|||
|
|
'frameon': False,
|
|||
|
|
'fontsize': config['legend_fontsize'],
|
|||
|
|
'adjust_top': 0.85,
|
|||
|
|
'adjust_bottom': 0.15,
|
|||
|
|
'adjust_left': 0.0,
|
|||
|
|
'adjust_right': 1.0
|
|||
|
|
},
|
|||
|
|
'bottom': {
|
|||
|
|
'loc': 'upper center',
|
|||
|
|
'bbox_to_anchor': (0.2+config['legend_offset'], -0.02),
|
|||
|
|
'borderaxespad': 0.5,
|
|||
|
|
'ncol': 4,
|
|||
|
|
'frameon': False,
|
|||
|
|
'fontsize': config['legend_fontsize'],
|
|||
|
|
'adjust_top': 0.95,
|
|||
|
|
'adjust_bottom': 0.2,
|
|||
|
|
'adjust_left': 0.1,
|
|||
|
|
'adjust_right': 0.9
|
|||
|
|
},
|
|||
|
|
'left': {
|
|||
|
|
'loc': 'center left',
|
|||
|
|
'bbox_to_anchor': (-0.12+config['legend_offset'], 0.5),
|
|||
|
|
'borderaxespad': 0.5,
|
|||
|
|
'ncol': 1,
|
|||
|
|
'frameon': False,
|
|||
|
|
'fontsize': config['legend_fontsize'],
|
|||
|
|
'adjust_top': 0.95,
|
|||
|
|
'adjust_bottom': 0.1,
|
|||
|
|
'adjust_left': 0.25,
|
|||
|
|
'adjust_right': 0.9 - 0.07*len(y_columns)
|
|||
|
|
},
|
|||
|
|
'right': {
|
|||
|
|
'loc': 'center right',
|
|||
|
|
'bbox_to_anchor': (1.15+config['legend_offset'], 0.5),
|
|||
|
|
'borderaxespad': 0.5,
|
|||
|
|
'ncol': 1,
|
|||
|
|
'frameon': False,
|
|||
|
|
'fontsize': config['legend_fontsize'],
|
|||
|
|
'adjust_top': 0.95,
|
|||
|
|
'adjust_bottom': 0.1,
|
|||
|
|
'adjust_left': 0.1,
|
|||
|
|
'adjust_right': 0.85 - 0.07*len(y_columns)
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
# 添加图例
|
|||
|
|
legend = fig.legend(
|
|||
|
|
lines, labels,
|
|||
|
|
loc=legend_params[config['legend_position']]['loc'],
|
|||
|
|
bbox_to_anchor=legend_params[config['legend_position']]['bbox_to_anchor'],
|
|||
|
|
ncol=legend_params[config['legend_position']]['ncol'],
|
|||
|
|
borderaxespad=legend_params[config['legend_position']]['borderaxespad'],
|
|||
|
|
frameon=legend_params[config['legend_position']]['frameon'],
|
|||
|
|
fontsize=legend_params[config['legend_position']]['fontsize']
|
|||
|
|
)
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
# 动态调整布局参数
|
|||
|
|
params = legend_params[config['legend_position']]
|
|||
|
|
fig.subplots_adjust(
|
|||
|
|
top=params['adjust_top'],
|
|||
|
|
bottom=params['adjust_bottom'],
|
|||
|
|
left=params['adjust_left'],
|
|||
|
|
right=min(params['adjust_right'], 0.9)
|
|||
|
|
)
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
# 紧凑布局
|
|||
|
|
plt.tight_layout(pad=config['tight_layout_pad'])
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
# 将图像保存到内存并转为base64
|
|||
|
|
buffer = BytesIO()
|
|||
|
|
plt.savefig(buffer, format='png', bbox_inches='tight', dpi=config['dpi'])
|
|||
|
|
plt.close()
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
base64_data = base64.b64encode(buffer.getvalue()).decode('utf-8')
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
# 保存到文件（如果指定了路径）
|
|||
|
|
png_path = None
|
|||
|
|
if config['save_path']:
|
|||
|
|
os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(config['save_path']) or '.', exist_ok=True)
|
|||
|
|
with open(config['save_path'], 'wb') as f:
|
|||
|
|
f.write(buffer.getvalue())
|
|||
|
|
png_path = os.path.abspath(config['save_path'])
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
return base64_data, png_path
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
# 使用示例
|
|||
|
|
if __name__ == "__main__":
|
|||
|
|
# 创建示例数据
|
|||
|
|
np.random.seed(42)
|
|||
|
|
data = {
|
|||
|
|
'时间': pd.date_range('2023-01-01', periods=10, freq='M'),
|
|||
|
|
'销售额': np.random.randint(1000, 2000, 10) + np.arange(10)*10,
|
|||
|
|
'用户数': np.random.randint(5000, 8000, 10) + np.arange(10)*50,
|
|||
|
|
'转化率': np.random.uniform(0.001, 0.003, 10) + np.arange(10)*0.02,
|
|||
|
|
'ZDU1': np.random.uniform(0.01, 0.03, 10) + np.arange(10)*0.02,
|
|||
|
|
'ZDU2': np.random.uniform(0.0001, 0.0003, 10) + np.arange(10)*0.02
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
df = pd.DataFrame(data)
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
# 定义单位映射
|
|||
|
|
unit_mapping = {
|
|||
|
|
'销售额': '元',
|
|||
|
|
'用户数': '个',
|
|||
|
|
'转化率': '百分比',
|
|||
|
|
'ZDU1': '百分比',
|
|||
|
|
'ZDU2': '百分比'
|
|||
|
|
}
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
# 示例1: 按单位分组
|
|||
|
|
img_data1, img_path1 = visualize_data(
|
|||
|
|
df=df,
|
|||
|
|
x_column='时间',
|
|||
|
|
y_columns=['销售额', '用户数', '转化率', 'ZDU1', 'ZDU2'],
|
|||
|
|
title='业务指标分析（按单位分组）',
|
|||
|
|
plot_style=['line', 'scatter_fit', 'scatter_fit', 'line', 'line'],
|
|||
|
|
y_labels=['销售额(元)', '用户数(个)', '转化率(%)', 'ZDU1(%)', 'ZDU2(%)'],
|
|||
|
|
figsize=(12, 6),
|
|||
|
|
fit_degree=2,
|
|||
|
|
legend_position='top',
|
|||
|
|
legend_ncol=3,
|
|||
|
|
save_path='output/grouped_units.png',
|
|||
|
|
title_pad=15,
|
|||
|
|
group_by_units=True,
|
|||
|
|
unit_mapping=unit_mapping
|
|||
|
|
)
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
# 示例2: 不按单位分组
|
|||
|
|
img_data2, img_path2 = visualize_data(
|
|||
|
|
df=df,
|
|||
|
|
x_column='时间',
|
|||
|
|
y_columns=['销售额', '用户数', '转化率', 'ZDU1', 'ZDU2'],
|
|||
|
|
title='业务指标分析（不分组）',
|
|||
|
|
plot_style=['line', 'scatter_fit', 'scatter_fit', 'line', 'line'],
|
|||
|
|
y_labels=['销售额(元)', '用户数(个)', '转化率(%)', 'ZDU1(%)', 'ZDU2(%)'],
|
|||
|
|
figsize=(12, 6),
|
|||
|
|
fit_degree=2,
|
|||
|
|
legend_position='top',
|
|||
|
|
legend_ncol=3,
|
|||
|
|
save_path='output/non_grouped.png',
|
|||
|
|
title_pad=15,
|
|||
|
|
group_by_units=False
|
|||
|
|
)
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
# 示例1: 图例在上方
|
|||
|
|
img_data3, img_path3 = visualize_data(
|
|||
|
|
df=df,
|
|||
|
|
x_column='时间',
|
|||
|
|
y_columns=['销售额', '用户数', '转化率', 'ZDU1', 'ZDU2'],
|
|||
|
|
title='业务指标分析（图例在上方）',
|
|||
|
|
plot_style=['line', 'scatter_fit', 'scatter_fit', 'line', 'line'],
|
|||
|
|
y_labels=['销售额(万)', '用户数', '转化率(%)', 'ZDY1', 'ZDU2'],
|
|||
|
|
figsize=(12, 6),
|
|||
|
|
fit_degree=2,
|
|||
|
|
legend_position='top',
|
|||
|
|
legend_ncol=3,
|
|||
|
|
save_path='output/legend_top.png',
|
|||
|
|
title_pad=15
|
|||
|
|
)
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
# 示例2: 图例在下方
|
|||
|
|
img_data4, img_path4 = visualize_data(
|
|||
|
|
df=df,
|
|||
|
|
x_column='时间',
|
|||
|
|
y_columns=['销售额', '用户数', '转化率'],
|
|||
|
|
title='业务指标分析（图例在下方）',
|
|||
|
|
plot_style=['line', 'scatter_fit', 'scatter_fit'],
|
|||
|
|
y_labels=['销售额(万)', '用户数', '转化率(%)'],
|
|||
|
|
figsize=(12, 6),
|
|||
|
|
legend_position='bottom',
|
|||
|
|
save_path='output/legend_bottom.png',
|
|||
|
|
title_pad=10
|
|||
|
|
)
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
# 示例3: 图例在左侧
|
|||
|
|
img_data5, img_path5 = visualize_data(
|
|||
|
|
df=df,
|
|||
|
|
x_column='时间',
|
|||
|
|
y_columns=['销售额', '用户数'],
|
|||
|
|
title='业务指标分析（图例在左侧）',
|
|||
|
|
plot_style=['line', 'scatter_fit'],
|
|||
|
|
y_labels=['销售额(万)', '用户数'],
|
|||
|
|
figsize=(12, 6),
|
|||
|
|
legend_position='left',
|
|||
|
|
save_path='output/legend_left.png',
|
|||
|
|
title_pad=10
|
|||
|
|
)
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
# 示例4: 图例在右侧
|
|||
|
|
img_data6, img_path6 = visualize_data(
|
|||
|
|
df=df,
|
|||
|
|
x_column='时间',
|
|||
|
|
y_columns=['销售额', '用户数', '转化率'],
|
|||
|
|
title='业务指标分析（图例在右侧）',
|
|||
|
|
plot_style=['line', 'scatter_fit', 'scatter_fit'],
|
|||
|
|
y_labels=['销售额(万)', '用户数', '转化率(%)'],
|
|||
|
|
figsize=(12, 6),
|
|||
|
|
legend_position='right',
|
|||
|
|
save_path='output/legend_right.png',
|
|||
|
|
title_pad=10
|
|||
|
|
)
|